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2021-09-10v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Set the compressed flag in enum_fmtPaul Elder
Set the compressed flag in ENUM_FMT if the format is MJPEG. As the only compressed format that libcamera currently supports is MJPEG, this should be sufficient. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Jean-Michel Hautbois <jeanmichel.hautbois@ideasonboard.com>
2021-09-10v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Report the proper format name in enum_fmtPaul Elder
Now that libcamera has the V4L2 format names, retrieve and report those names in ENUM_FMT. While at it, refactor the code slightly with PixelFormatInfo. This fixes the test failures on v4l2-compliance with the v4l2 compatilibity layer that were observed in version v4l2-compliance version 1.21.0-4838. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Jean-Michel Hautbois <jeanmichel.hautbois@ideasonboard.com>
2021-09-10v4l2: v4l2_compat_manager: Don't print "camera not found" on openat()Paul Elder
Some applications (like Firefox) run open() many times on video device nodes. This may lead to user confusion when they see "INFO V4L2Compat v4l2_compat_manager.cpp:146 No camera found for /dev/videoX" over and over again. Lower the log level to debug so that we can still get this information on debug, and so users won't see it all the time. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com>
2021-09-07v4l2: Sum bytesused for all planes when dequeuing bufferLaurent Pinchart
The V4L2 compatibility layer supports the single-planar API only, and thus exposes /* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later */ /* * Copyright (C) 2019, Google Inc. * * v4l2_camera.h - V4L2 compatibility camera */ #ifndef __V4L2_CAMERA_H__ #define __V4L2_CAMERA_H__ #include <deque> #include <mutex> #include <utility> #include <libcamera/buffer.h> #include <libcamera/camera.h> #include <libcamera/file_descriptor.h> #include <libcamera/framebuffer_allocator.h> #include "libcamera/internal/semaphore.h" using namespace libcamera; class V4L2Camera { public: struct Buffer { Buffer(unsigned int index, const FrameMetadata &data) : index(index), data(data) { } unsigned int index; FrameMetadata data; }; V4L2Camera(std::shared_ptr<Camera> camera); ~V4L2Camera(); int open(); void close(); void bind(int efd); void unbind(); void getStreamConfig(StreamConfiguration *streamConfig); std::vector<Buffer> completedBuffers(); int configure(StreamConfiguration *streamConfigOut, const Size &size, const PixelFormat &pixelformat, unsigned int bufferCount); int validateConfiguration(const PixelFormat &pixelformat, const Size &size, StreamConfiguration *streamConfigOut); int allocBuffers(unsigned int count); void freeBuffers(); FileDescriptor getBufferFd(unsigned int index); int streamOn(); int streamOff(); int qbuf(unsigned int index); void waitForBufferAvailable(); bool isBufferAvailable(); bool isRunning(); private: void requestComplete(Request *request); std::shared_ptr<Camera> camera_; std::unique_ptr<CameraConfiguration> config_; bool isRunning_; std::mutex bufferLock_; FrameBufferAllocator *bufferAllocator_; std::deque<std::unique_ptr<Request>> pendingRequests_; std::deque<std::unique_ptr<Buffer>> completedBuffers_; int efd_; Mutex bufferMutex_; std::condition_variable bufferCV_; unsigned int bufferAvailableCount_; }; #endif /* __V4L2_CAMERA_H__ */
tils::enumerate() requires an lvalue reference. Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Niklas Söderlund <niklas.soderlund@ragnatech.se> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> 2021-03-28meson: Summarize which applications and adaptation layers are builtLaurent Pinchart Add the application and adaptation layers being built to the meson summary. The summary now prints libcamera 0.0.0 Configuration Enabled pipelines: ipu3 raspberrypi rkisp1 simple uvcvideo vimc Android support: True GStreamer support: True V4L2 emulation support: True cam application: True qcam application: True Unit tests: True Subprojects libyuv: YES Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Hirokazu Honda <hiroh@chromium.org> 2021-02-11meson: Fix coding style when declaring arraysLaurent Pinchart The meson.build files mix array declarations with and without a space after the opening and before the closing square bracket. The vast majority of cases don't use spaces, so standardize on that. While it it, fix indentation in a few places. Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Niklas Söderlund <niklas.soderlund@ragnatech.se> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> 2020-12-30src: meson: Simplify v4l2 enablementKieran Bingham Simplify the src level meson file by moving the declaration of the v4l2 subdir to match the other invocations, making use of 'subdir_done()' to break out if the adaptation layer is not enabled. Signed-off-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Jacopo Mondi <jacopo@jmondi.org> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-10-21v4l2: camera: Prevent shadowing within V4L2Camera::BufferKieran Bingham Rename the internal member variables to use the post-fixed '_' member variable naming style. This in turn ensures variable shadowing does not occur in the member initializer list of the constructor. Signed-off-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-10-20v4l2: Omit extra semicolonsHirokazu Honda LOG_DECLARE_CATEGORY macro contains the semicolon. The end semicolon with the macro is unnecessary. Signed-off-by: Hirokazu Honda <hiroh@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Niklas Söderlund <niklas.soderlund@ragnatech.se> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-10-12libcamera, android, cam, gstreamer, qcam, v4l2: Reuse RequestPaul Elder Allow reuse of the Request object by implementing reuse(). This means the applications now have the responsibility of freeing the Request objects, so make all libcamera users (cam, qcam, v4l2-compat, gstreamer, android) do so. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Niklas Söderlund <niklas.soderlund@ragnatech.se> Reviewed-by: Jacopo Mondi <jacopo@jmondi.org> 2020-08-25v4l2: camera: Merge getStreamConfig() with open()Laurent Pinchart The V4L2CameraProxy always calls V4L2Camera::getStreamConfig() right after V4L2Camera::open(), and never afterwards. Simplify the code by returning the initial configuration from V4L2Camera::open() and removing V4L2Camera::getStreamConfig(). Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> 2020-08-25v4l2: camera_proxy: Store v4l2_pix_format instead of v4l2_formatLaurent Pinchart The V4L2 compatibility layer only uses the fmt.pix field of curV4L2Format_. There's no need to cache the full v4l2_format, store v4l2_pix_format only and rename the member variable from curV4L2Format_ to v4l2PixFormat_. While at it, group the V4L2-related member variables together in the V4L2CameraProxy class. Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> 2020-08-25v4l2: camera_proxy: Pass const reference to setFmtFromConfig()Laurent Pinchart The setFmtFromConfig() method doesn't modify its parameter, make it const. Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> 2020-08-25meson: Remove -Wno-unused-parameterLaurent Pinchart We build libcamera with -Wno-unused-parameter and this doesn't cause much issue internally. However, it prevents catching unused parameters in inline functions defined in public headers. This can lead to compilation warnings for applications compiled without -Wno-unused-parameter. To catch those issues, remove -Wno-unused-parameter and fix all the related warnings with [[maybe_unused]]. Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Niklas Söderlund <niklas.soderlund@ragnatech.se> 2020-08-05libcamera: camera: Rename name() to id()Niklas Söderlund Rename Camera::name() to camera::id() to better describe what it represents, a unique and stable ID for the camera. While at it improve the documentation for the camera ID to describe it needs to be stable for a camera between resets of the system. Signed-off-by: Niklas Söderlund <niklas.soderlund@ragnatech.se> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-07-10v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Use stream config in tryFormatPaul Elder For handling try_fmt, the values should be filled in by validating the stream configuration, and not by recalculating them or manually checking against the cached list of formats and sizes. Add a new V4L2Camera::validateConfiguration() function to validate a configuration and use it to obtain size, format, stride, and frameSize values. If the format negotiation fails, return error from try_fmt and s_fmt. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-07-10v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Get stride and frameSize from stream configPaul Elder The stride and frameSize should be obtained through StreamConfiguration rather than PixelFormatInfo, as pipeline handlers might have different values (eg. for alignment). Get the stride and frameSize values from StreamConfiguration instead of from PixelFormatInfo. This removes the need for V4L2CameraProxy's calculation helper functions (bplMultiplier, imageSize, v4l2ToDrm, drmToV4L2, calculateSizeImage) and formats, so remove them. This also removes the need for V4L2CameraProxy::calculateSizeImage, so remove it,. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-07-10v4l2: v4l2_camera: Fix stream selection for buffer operationsPaul Elder The buffer operations in V4L2Camera were getting the stream from the wrong place. Fix it. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Jacopo Mondi <jacopo@jmondi.org> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Serialize accesses to the proxyPaul Elder Make the V4L2 compatibility layer thread-safe by serializing accesses to the V4L2CameraProxy with a lock. Release the lock when blocking for dqbuf. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Fix buffer flags related to queueingPaul Elder Fix buffer flags related to queueing and dequeueing: - don't allow a buffer with the same index that is already in the queue to be enqueued again - don't clear the done flag upon qbuf - do clear the done flag upon dqbuf - set the flags in V4L2CameraProxy's internal buffers, and not just in the buffers returned from qbuf Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Don't allow buffers to be freed if still mmapedPaul Elder In VIDIOC_REQBUFS with count = 0, if the buffers are still mmaped, they should not be allowed to be freed. Add a check for this. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Don't allow streamon if no buffers have been requestedPaul Elder Make VIDIOC_STREAMON return -EINVAL if no buffers have been allocated with reqbufs. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Check arg->index bounds for querybuf, qbuf, dqbufPaul Elder There were no bounds checks for the index argument for VIDIOC_QUERYBUF, VIDIOC_QBUF, and VIDIOC_DQBUF. Add them. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Jacopo Mondi <jacopo@jmondi.org> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera: Clear pending requests on freeBuffers and streamOffPaul Elder V4L2 allows buffer queueing before streamon while libcamera does not. The compatibility layer thus saves these buffers in a pending queue until streamon, and then automatically queues them. However, this pending queue is not cleared when the buffers are freed, so the following sequence of actions will cause a use-after-free: 1. queue buffers 2. free buffers - buffers from 1. stay in pending queue but have been freed 3. queue buffers 4. streamon - buffers from 1. are enqueued, then the buffers from 3. are enqueued. Use-after-free segfault when libcamera tries to handle the enqueued buffers from 1. Fix this by clearing the pending request queue upon buffers being freed. Also clear the pending request queue on streamOff, for correctness. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Jacopo Mondi <jacopo@jmondi.org> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera: Don't use libcamera::Semaphore for available buffersPaul Elder In V4L2, a blocked dqbuf should not not also block a streamoff. This means that on streamoff, the blocked dqbuf must return (with error). We cannot do this with the libcamera semaphore, so pull out the necessary components of a semaphore, and put them into V4L2Camera, so that dqbuf from V4L2CameraProxy can wait on a disjunct condition of the availability of the semaphore or the stopping of the stream. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Clear internal buffer vector on reqbufs 0Paul Elder If VIDIOC_REQBUFS with count = 0 is called when the stream is not on, clear the proxy's internal vector of buffer. If the stream is on when reqbufs 0 is called, return -EBUSY. Note that this is contrary to what the V4L2 docs say (reqbufs 0 when streaming should also streamoff), but it is how the V4L2 implementation works. v4l2-compliance doesn't seem to care either way, however, so we cater to the implementation, and no longer call streamoff on reqbufs 0. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: noop if streamon when stream is already onPaul Elder If VIDIOC_STREMAON is called when the stream is already on, do a noop. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Disallow dqbuf when not streamingPaul Elder Make VIDIOC_DQBUF return -EINVAL if the stream is not turned on. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera: Add isRunning()Paul Elder Add a method isRunning() to V4L2Camera so that V4L2CameraProxy can use it for checks. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Implement VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMESIZESPaul Elder Implement VIDIOC_ENUM_FRAMESIZES in the V4L2 compatibility layer. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Implement VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT, VIDIOC_G/S_INPUTPaul Elder Implement VIDIOC_ENUMINPUT, VIDIOC_G_INPUT, and VIDIOC_S_INPUT. Only the zeroth input device is supported, and the info returned by enuminput is hardcoded and basic. This is sufficient to pass v4l2-compliance. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Jacopo Mondi <jacopo@jmondi.org> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Implement VIDIOC_G/S_PRIORITYPaul Elder Implement VIDIOC_G_PRIORITY and VIDIOC_S_PRIORITY. The behaviour documented in the V4L2 specification doesn't match the implementation in the Linux kernel, implement the latter. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Fix v4l2-compliance support for extended formatsPaul Elder Fix the following v4l2-compliance error: fail: v4l2-compliance.cpp(652): !(caps & V4L2_CAP_EXT_PIX_FORMAT) Simply add V4L2_CAP_EXT_PIX_FORMAT to capabilities in querycap. In addition, populate the necessary fields in struct v4l2_pix_format to support extended pixel formats in try_fmt and g/s_fmt, and clear the reserved field for enum_fmt. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Acked-by: Jacopo Mondi <jacopo@jmondi.org> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Check for null arg values in main ioctl handlerPaul Elder The ioctl handlers currently don't check if arg is null, so if it ever is, it will cause a segfault. Check that arg is null and return -EFAULT in the main vidioc ioctl handler. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Set timestamp monotonic buffer flag on reqbufsPaul Elder Set buffer flag V4L2_BUF_FLAG_TIMESTAMP_MONOTONIC at VIDIOC_REQBUFS after the buffers have been allocated. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Clear reserved field in reqbufsPaul Elder Clear the reserved field in arg struct v4l2_reqbuffers of VIDIOC_REQBUFS. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_proxy: Free old buffers on reqbufs > 0Paul Elder Free buffers, if any were previously allocated, at VIDIOC_REQBUFS with count > 0. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_compat: Support multiple openPaul Elder Previously, since we acquired the libcamera camera upon open(), it was impossible to support multiple open, as any subsequent opens would return error because the camera would already be acquired. To fix this, we first initialize the camera in the first call to V4L2CameraProxy::open(), just to heat up the stream format cache. We then add ownership by a V4L2CameraFile of a V4L2Camera via the V4L2CameraProxy. All vidioc ioctls prior to reqbufs > 0 (except for s_fmt) are able to access the camera without ownership. A call to reqbufs > 0 (and s_fmt) will take ownership, and the ownership will be released at reqbufs = 0. While ownership is assigned, the eventfd that should be signaled (and cleared) by V4L2Camera and V4L2CameraProxy is set to the V4L2CameraFile that has ownership, and is cleared when the ownership is released. In case close() is called without a reqbufs = 0 first, the ownership is also released on close(). We also use the V4L2CameraFile to contain all the information specific to an open instance of the file. This removes the need to keep track of such information within V4L2CameraProxy via multiple maps from int fd to info. Since V4L2 does not expect reqbufs 0 to ever return error, make V4L2CameraProxy::freeBuffers() return void. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: V4L2CameraProxy: Take V4L2CameraFile as argument for intercepted callsPaul Elder Prepare for using the V4L2CameraFile as a container for file-specific information in the V4L2 compatibility layer by making it a required argument for all V4L2CameraProxy calls that are directed from V4L2CompatManager, which are intercepted via LD_PRELOAD. Change V4L2CameraFile accordingly. Also change V4L2CompatManager accordingly. Instead of keeping a map of file descriptors to V4L2CameraProxy instances, we keep a map of V4L2CameraFile instances to V4L2CameraProxy instances. When the proxy methods are called, feed the file as a parameter. The dup function is also modified, in that it is removed from V4L2CameraProxy, and is handled completely in V4L2CompatManager, as a map from file descriptors to V4L2CameraFile instances. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-25v4l2: v4l2_camera_file: Add V4L2CameraFile to model the opened camera filePaul Elder With relation to opening files, the kernel has three objects related to files: - inodes, that represent files on disk - file objects, that are allocated at open() time and store all data related to the open file - file descriptors, that are integers that map to a file In the V4L2 compatibility layer, V4L2CameraProxy, which wraps a single libcamera camera via V4L2Camera, is more or less equivalent to the inode. We also already have file descriptors (that are really eventfds) that mirror the file descriptors. Here we create a V4L2CameraFile to model the file objects, to contain information related to the open file, namely if the file has been opened as non-blocking, and the V4L2 priority (to support VIDIOC_G/S_PRIORITY later on). This new class allows us to more cleanly support multiple open later on, since we can move out of V4L2CameraProxy the handling of mapping the fd to the open file information. Signed-off-by: Paul Elder <paul.elder@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> 2020-06-23libcamera: Add support for planar YUV422 and YUV420 formatsDavid Plowman These formats can be helpful when downstream applications or libraries support them natively (avoiding a costly conversion). Signed-off-by: David Plowman <david.plowman@raspberrypi.com> Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> Reviewed-by: David Plowman <david.plowman@raspberrypi.com> Tested-by: David Plowman <david.plowman@raspberrypi.com> Reviewed-by: Kieran Bingham <kieran.bingham@ideasonboard.com>